Abstract：Objective To investigate the level of arsenic exposure in rural drinking water and to assess the health risk caused by exposure to arsenic in Tongzhou District, Beijing Municipality in 2019, so as to provide insights into improving the quality of rural drinking water. Methods Water samples were collected from self-provided wells in 196 villages of 7 townships in Tongzhou District from April to June, 2019, and the arsenic levels were measured in drinking water according to Standard examination methods for drinking water-Metal parameters (GB/T 5750.6-2006). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of arsenic were evaluated in drinking water using the environmental risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Results Totally 520 water samples were collected, and the median arsenic concentration was 0.001 2-0.050 0 mg/L. There were 67 water samples with arsenic levels exceeding the defined standard level (12.88%), and the proportions of arsenic levels exceeding the defined standard level were 57.69%, 17.24%, 12.20%, 6.52% and 1.31% in Songzhuang, Huoxian, Lucheng, Zhangjiawan and Yongdedian townships, and the arsenic levels did not exceed the defined standard level in Majuqiao or Taihu townships. The carcinogenic risk of arsenic was 3.135 7×10-4/a in drinking water, which exceeded the maximum acceptable risk, and the carcinogenic risk of arsenic all exceeded the maximum acceptable risk, with the highest value seen in Songzhuang Township (9.648 2×10-4/a). A high carcinogenic risk of arsenic was seen in men at ages of 60 to 80 years (3.012 8×10-4/a) and in women at ages of 80 years and older (2.949 0×10-4/a). The non-carcinogenic risk of arsenic was 0.696 8 in drinking water, indicating a low risk, and were 1.009 5 and 2.144 1 in Huoxian and Songzhuang townships, indicating a high risk. In addition, a high non-carcinogenic risk of arsenic was seen in men at ages of 60 to 80 years (0.669 5) and in women at ages of 80 years and older (0.655 3). Conclusion There was a high proportion of arsenic levels exceeding the defined standard level in rural drinking water in Tongzhou District, 2019, and there was a health risk, notably with the highest carcinogenic risk seen in residents at ages of 60 years and older. Effective interventions are needed to reduce arsenic levels in drinking water.
[1] 康家琦,金银龙.砷对健康危害的研究进展[J].卫生研究,2004,33(3):372-376. KANG J Q,JIN Y L.Study progress of adverse effects of arsenic on health[J].J Hyg Res,2004,33(3):372-376. [2] 高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):48-50. GAO J J,ZHANG L P,HUANG S B,et al.Preliminary health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking waters in Beijing[J].Environ Sci,2004,25(2):48-50. [3] 郑浩,于洋,丁震,等.江苏省饮用水重金属污染物健康风险评价[J].江苏预防医学,2012,23(4):5-7. ZHENG H,YU Y,DING Z,et al.Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water in Jiangsu Province[J].Jiangsu J Prev Med,2012,23(4):5-7. [4] 赵敏娴,刘强,杨海兵,等.2017年苏州市生活饮用水重金属污染物的健康风险评价[J].职业与健康,2018,34(14):1957-1960. ZHANG M X,LIU Q,YANG H B,et al.Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollutants in drinking water in Suzhou City in 2017[J].Occup Health,2018,34(14):1957-1960. [5] 苗晋杰,靳继红,杜东,等.首都副中心及重点区域地下水环境质量评价与问题成因[J].地质调查与研究,2020,43(3):224-229,286. MIAO J J,JIN J H,DU D,et al.Valuation of groundwater environmental quality and causes of problems in the capital sub-center and key regions[J].Geol Surv Res,2020,43(3):224-229,286. [6] 中华人民共和国卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.生活饮用水卫生标准:GB 5749—2006[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007. Ministry of Health,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.Standards for drinking water quality:GB 5749-2006[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2007. [7] 中华人民共和国卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.生活饮用水标准检验方法水样的采集与保存:GB/T 5750.2—2006[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:19. Ministry of Health,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.Standard examination methods for drinking water-collection and preservation of water samples:GB/T 5750.2-2006[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2007:19. [8] 中华人民共和国卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标:GB/T 5750.6—2006[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:30. Ministry of Health,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.Standard examination methods for drinking water-metal parameters[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2007:30. [9] HUSSAIN S,HABIB-UR-REHMAN M,KHANAM T,et al.Health risk assessment of different heavy metals dissolved in drinking water[J/OL].Int J Environ Res Public Health,2019,16(10)[2022-05-25].https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101737. [10] 中华人民共和国环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷6~17岁)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016. Ministry of Environment Protection of the People's Republic of China.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population(6-17 years)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016. [11] 中华人民共和国环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013. Ministry of Environment Protection of the People's Republic of China.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population(Adults)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2013. [12] Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,United States Environmental Protection Agency.Superfund public health evaluation manual:EPA-540/1-86/060[S].Washington D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency,1986. [13] United States Environmental Protection Agency.Exposure factors handbook2011 Editionfinal[EB/OL].(2011-10-03)[2022-05-25].https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252. [14] 郑奇光,马红梅,刘盛田,等.北京市东部某区2010—2018年生活饮用水水质状况与不合格因素分析[J].现代食品,2021(9):176-180. ZHENG Q G,MA H M,LIU S T,et al.Analysis of drinking water quality and unqualified factors in a district of eastern Beijing from2010 to 2018[J].Mod Food,2021(9):176-180. [15] 贾建伟. 2018年—2019年北京市怀柔区农村生活饮用水监测分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2021,31(11):1406-1408. JIA J W.Monitoring and analysis of rural drinking water in Huairou District,Beijing during 2018-2019[J].Chin J Health Lab Technol,2021,31(11):1406-1408. [16] 郑跃军,李文鹏,王瑞久,等.潮白河冲洪积扇地下水循环演化特征[J].人民长江,2012,43(15):43-46. ZHENG Y J,LI W P,WANG R J,et al.Groundwater circulation and evolution characteristics in alluvial fan area of Chaobai River[J].Yangtze River,2012,43(15):43-46. [17] CAO W,GUO H,ZHANG Y,et al.Controls of paleo-channels on groundwater arsenic distribution in shallow aquifers of alluvial plain in the Hetao Basin,China[J].Sci Total Environ,2017,613/614(1):958-968. [18] 廖雅芬,叶坚,杨业洲.肇庆市城市饮用水化学物质健康风险评估[J].预防医学,2021,33(9):951-954. LIAO Y F,YE J,YANG Y Z.Health risk assessment on chemicals in urban drinking water in Zhaoqing[J].Prev Med,2021,33(9):951-954. [19] 薛鸣,金铨,张力群,等.杭州市生活饮用水健康风险评价[J].预防医学,2019,31(1):28-32. XUE M,JING Q,ZHANG L Q,et al.Assessment on health risk of drinking water in Hangzhou[J].Prev Med,2019,31(1):28-32. [20] 陈春静,张景山,李峻,等.2019年南京市饮用水重金属健康风险评估[J].现代预防医学,2020,47(5):813-816. CHEN C J,ZHANG J S,LI J,et al.Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water, Nanjing,2019[J].Mod Prev Med,2020,47(5):813-816.
