Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out, the world has accelerated the development of preventive vaccines. By December 2020, 60 candidate vaccines have been approved for clinical trials, of which 7 vaccines, including 3 inactivated vaccines, 2 mRNA vaccines and 2 vector vaccines, have been authorized for emergency use or conditional marketing. In this paper, we reviewed the development progress in inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines and virus-like particle vaccines, as well as advantages and disadvantages of these vaccines. The studies showed that the vaccines against COVID-19 in phase III clinical trials had good safety and immunogenicity, and those authorized vaccines were declared to have good efficacy. However, attention should be paid to the adverse reactions of the vaccines and the long-term protective effects, in order to improve the immunization strategy for the control of COVID-19 epidemic.

Globally, non-pharmacological interventions, such as keeping social distance and wearing masks, are the primary prevention and control strategy in the early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The successful development and the urgency use of the COVID-19 vaccines in some countries brings a new stage of combining immunization with non-pharmacological interventions in the fight with COVID-19. For the shortage of vaccines, the immunization strategies vary in countries. To end the pandemic, 47%-85% of the population should be immunized with effective COVID-19 vaccines, thus we should boost the yield of vaccines, formulate scientific immunization strategies, promote the mass immunization, improve the willingness of vaccination, and increase the equity of vaccine allocation; meanwhile, we should strengthen the surveillance of virus variation, vaccine effectiveness and safety, and keep on the vaccine research to copy with the potential threat of the virus variation.

The aging process is increasingly accelerating in China, and the improvement of health literacy is a prerequisite to achieving health for all, and is an important strategy to promote healthy aging. Based on recent studies pertaining to health literacy among the elderly, this review, from the perspective of aging, summarizes the level and common influencing factors of health literacy among Chinese elderly populations, and discusses the health literacy promotion strategies among the elderly, so as to provide insights into improving the health literacy surveillance and promotion quality and health literacy levels among the elderly.

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2）all over the world leads to serious respiratory diseases and high mortality,which arouses wide concern. No specific treatment for coronavirus disease 2019（COVID-19）caused by the virus has been found,so early diagnosis is the main prevention and control measure at present. According to the COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Plan（Seventh Trial）,Being positive in nucleic acid testing or in antibody testing,or being highly homologous in gene sequencing can confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, all these detection Methods have potential false negative and false positive Results. This article summarizes the SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing Methods that are being applied and studied at present,such as virus isolation,second generation sequencing,reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,nucleic acid isothermal amplification,gene chip and antibody detection,and discusses their advantages and disadvantages to optimize the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objective To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a split-virion quadrivalent influenza vaccine.Methods The healthy people aged three years or over in Wuyang County and Xiping County of Henan Province were divided into the experimental group, control group 1 and control group 2, and were vaccinated with split-virion quadrivalent influenza vaccines, split-virion trivalent influenza vaccines (without B/Victoria) and a split-virion trivalent influenza vaccines (without B/Yamagata) , respectively. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were detected before and after immunization. The incidence rate of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) , HI antibody positive conversion rate, the protection rate of HI antibodies and the growth of geometric mean titer (GMT) were calculated and compared with the standard of Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Results Totally 2 924 people were recruited, with 975 in the experimental group, 974 in the control group 1 and 975 in control group 2. The incidence rate of AEFI in the experimental group was 11.7%, higher than 7.9% in control group 1 and 8.8% in control group 2 (P < 0.05) during 30 minutes and 8 days after inoculation. The positive conversion rates of HI antibodies of H1N1, H3N2, By and Bv in the experimental group were 78.5%, 53.3%, 78.3% and 62.9%, respectively. The rate differences of the positive conversion rates of HI antibodies of By between the experimental group and control group 2, and of Bv between the experimental group and control group 1 were 42.1% (95%CI: 38.0%-46.2%) and 33.2% (95%CI: 28.9%-37.5%) , with both lower limits of 95%CI more than -0.10. The GMT increase of HI antibodies was more than 2.5 times in the three groups. The protective rates of HI antibodies of H1N1, H3N2, By and Bv in the experimental group were 87.7%, 98.7%, 93.6% and 77.2%, respectively. The protective rates of HI antibodies of By in control group 2 and Bv in control group 1 were 71.1% and 51.0%, both lower than those in the experimental group (P < 0.05).Conclusions After the inoculation of the quadrivalent influenza vaccine, the positive conversion rates (>40%) , protection rates (>70%) and GMT increase (>2.5 times) of HI antibodies of H1N1, H3N2, By and Bv all meet the quality standards of FDA. The safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent influenza vaccine are not inferior to those of the trivalent influenza vaccine.

Recently,the incidence of chronic disease has been increasing rapidly every year,which contributes to heavy burdens on society. Chronic disease management（CDM）has become an effective solution. At present,CDM in China is still at an early age,without a widely accepted and efficient model for lack of theoretic and practical support. By analyzing and comparing CDM models in China and abroad,we summarizes that CDM in China needs to be guaranteed by government and law,strengthened by the construction of medical team,promoted by an integrated service network,and implemented by hierarchical diagnosis and treatment of multi-departments.