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| Research progress on the etiology and epidemiology of monkeypox |
| LIU Shan, ZHANG Jingsong, ZHANG Wenli, WANG He, ZHU Wenye, SHA Kun
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| Faculty of Military Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China |
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Abstract Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which was previously limited to epidemics in Africa. Since 2022, monkeypox has rapidly spread worldwide, affecting 130 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared it a public health emergency of international concern, in 2022 and 2024, respectively. The monkeypox virus has exhibited accelerated mutation rates, with diverse circulating strains. Children and men who have sex with men have emerged as the primary high-risk group. Additionally, the increase in asymptomatic infections and atypical mild rashes has complicated differential diagnosis, posing entirely challenges to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and control of monkeypox. This article reviews the research progress on the etiological characteristics, epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, and prevention and treatment strategies of monkeypox by retrieving the literature on monkeypox from January 1958 to January 2025, so as to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of monkeypox.
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Received: 21 March 2025
Revised: 28 July 2025
Published: 20 August 2025
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