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| Association between visceral fat metabolic levels and cardiovascular diseases among middle-aged and elderly population |
| KONG Jie, HUANG Pandeng, REN Dongjing, ZHAO Dan, ZHANG Youtao
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| The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China |
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Abstract Objective To examine the association between visceral fat metabolic levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among middle-aged and elderly population, so as to provide the evidence for the early identification and prevention of CVD risk in this population. Methods Based on the database of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2020, baseline demographic information, lifestyle, disease history, and CVD status of participants aged ≥45 years were collected. Data on height, weight, waist circumference, and blood biochemical indicators from 2012 and 2015 were collected and used to calculate the metabolic score for visceral fat (METS-VF) and cumulative METS-VF, enabling an assessment of visceral fat metabolism levels. The K-means clustering algorithm was applied to analyze the categories of METS-VF. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between different METS-VF categories, cumulative METS-VF and CVD. A restricted cubic spline model was employed to examine the dose-response relationship between cumulative METS-VF and CVD. Results A total of 3 146 participants were included, with a median age of 57.00 (interquartile range, 12.00) years. There were 1 405 males (44.66%) and 1 741 females (55.34%). METS-VF was clustered into three distinct categories: a persistently low-level group, a persistently moderate-level group, and a persistently high-level group, comprising 497, 1 302, and 1 347 individuals, accounting for 15.80%, 41.39%, and 42.82%, respectively. By the 2020 follow-up, there were 540 cases of CVD, with an overall prevalence of 17.16%. The prevalence of CVD among different METS-VF categories were 12.47%, 14.36%, and 21.60%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for demographic factors, lifestyle, and disease history, compared with the persistently low-level group, the persistently high-level group had a higher risk of CVD (OR=1.710, 95%CI: 1.263-2.342). Cumulative METS-VF was positively associated with CVD risk (OR=1.197, 95%CI: 1.113-1.289). Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a linear relationship between cumulative METS-VF and CVD risk (P for nonlinearity >0.05). Conclusion Persistently high levels of METS-VF can increase the risk of CVD among middle-aged and elderly population, and there is a positive dose-response relationship between cumulative METS-VF and CVD risk.
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Received: 15 September 2025
Revised: 02 December 2025
Published: 25 December 2025
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