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| Research progress on obesity in children and adolescents |
| KONG Fanmei, WANG Xia, WANG Guangning, LIU Huisong
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| Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, China |
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Abstract Childhood and adolescent obesity results from the interplay of multiple factors, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle behaviors, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and socio-environmental influences. It not only leads to conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease but also increases the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. This article systematically reviews relevant literature retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, focusing on the definition, classification, diagnostic criteria, influencing factors, and intervention strategies for childhood and adolescent obesity. Family-based lifestyle interventions, including dietary modification, physical activity, screen time restriction, and sleep management, constitute the primary approaches for managing obesity in this population. Adjuvant measures include gut microbiota modulation, multidisciplinary comprehensive interventions, and the application of digital health technologies. Pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions, and traditional Chinese medicine treatments are indicated for obese children and adolescents with specific indications. The prevention and management of childhood and adolescent obesity require a shift from single-factor interventions to a comprehensive management model that integrates multifactorial, multi-level, and multidisciplinary strategies. Future directions may include exploring precise subtyping and individualized interventions based on multi-omics technologies, developing intelligent management platforms leveraging digital health technologies, and establishing a full-process management system encompassing early screening, risk warning, and tiered intervention to achieve effective prevention and control of childhood and adolescent obesity.
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Received: 20 October 2025
Revised: 26 April 2026
Published: 22 June 2026
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